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Withinthe Budyko framework, the controlling parameter (ω in the Fuequation) is widely considered to represent landscape conditions in terms ofvegetation coverage (M); however, some qualitative studies haveconcluded that climate seasonality (S) should be incorporated inω. Here, we discuss the relationship between ω, M,and S, and further develop an empirical equation so that thecontributions from M to actual annual evapotranspiration (ET) can be determined more accurately. Taking13 catchments in the Loess Plateau as examples, ω was found to bewell correlated with M and S. The developed empiricalformula for ω calculations at the annual scale performed well forestimating ET by the cross-validation approach. By combining the Budykoframework with the semi-empirical formula, the contributions of changes inω to ET variations were further decomposed as those of M andS. Results showed that the contributions of S to ET changesranged from 0.1 to 74.8 % (absolute values). Therefore, the impacts ofclimate seasonality on ET cannot be ignored, otherwise the contribution ofM to ET changes will be estimated with a large error. The developedempirical formula between ω, M, and S provides aneffective method to separate the contributions of M and Sto ET changes

Vegetation dynamics and climate seasonality jointly control the interannual catchment water balance in the Loess Plateau under the Budyko framework