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The Arctic has become generally a warmer place over thepast decades leading to earlier snow melt, permafrost degradation andchanging plant communities. Increases in precipitation and local evaporationin the Arctic, known as the acceleration components of the hydrologic cycle,coupled with land cover changes, have resulted in significant changes in theregional surface energy budget. Quantifying spatiotemporal trends in surfaceenergy flux partitioning is key to forecasting ecological responses tochanging climate conditions in the Arctic. An extensive local evaluation ofthe Two-Source Energy Balance model (TSEB) – a remote-sensing-based modelusing thermal infrared retrievals of land surface temperature – wasperformed using tower measurements collected over different tundra types inAlaska in all sky conditions over the full growing season from 2008 to 2012.Based on comparisons with flux tower observations, refinements in theoriginal TSEB net radiation, soil heat flux and canopy transpirationparameterizations were identified for Arctic tundra. In particular, arevised method for estimating soil heat flux based on relationships withsoil temperature was developed, resulting in significantly improvedperformance. These refinements result in mean turbulent flux errorsgenerally less than 50 W m<sup>−2</sup> at half-hourly time steps,similar to errors typically reported in surface energy balance modelingstudies conducted in more temperate climatic regimes. The MODIS leaf areaindex (LAI) remote sensing product proved to be useful for estimating energyfluxes in Arctic tundra in the absence of field data on the local biomassamount. Model refinements found in this work at the local scale build towarda regional implementation of the TSEB model over Arctic tundra ecosystems,using thermal satellite remote sensing to assess response of surface fluxesto changing vegetation and climate conditions

Estimation of surface energy fluxes in the Arctic tundra using the remote sensing thermal-based Two-Source Energy Balance model