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Accurate representation of the real spatio-temporal variability of catchmentrainfall inputs is currently severely limited. Moreover, spatiallyinterpolated catchment precipitation is subject to large uncertainties,particularly in developing countries and regions which are difficult toaccess. Recently, satellite-based rainfall estimates (SREs) provide anunprecedented opportunity for a wide range of hydrological applications, fromwater resources modelling to monitoring of extreme events such as droughtsand floods.  This study attempts to exhaustively evaluate – for the first time – thesuitability of seven state-of-the-art SRE products (TMPA 3B42v7, CHIRPSv2,CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, PERSIAN-CCS-Adj, MSWEPv1.1, and PGFv3) over the complextopography and diverse climatic gradients of Chile. Different temporal scales(daily, monthly, seasonal, annual) are used in a point-to-pixel comparisonbetween precipitation time series measured at 366 stations (from sea level to4600 m a.s.l. in the Andean Plateau) and the corresponding grid cell of eachSRE (rescaled to a 0.25° grid if necessary). The modifiedKling–Gupta efficiency was used to identify possible sources of systematicerrors in each SRE. In addition, five categorical indices (PC, POD, FAR, ETS,fBIAS) were used to assess the ability of each SRE to correctly identifydifferent precipitation intensities.  Results revealed that most SRE products performed better for the humid South(36.4–43.7° S) and Central Chile (32.18–36.4° S), inparticular at low- and mid-elevation zones (0–1000 m a.s.l.) compared to thearid northern regions and the Far South. Seasonally, all products performedbest during the wet seasons (autumn and winter; MAM–JJA) compared to summer(DJF) and spring (SON). In addition, all SREs were able to correctly identifythe occurrence of no-rain events, but they presented a low skill inclassifying precipitation intensities during rainy days. Overall, PGFv3exhibited the best performance everywhere and for all timescales, which canbe clearly attributed to its bias-correction procedure using 217 stationsfrom Chile. Good results were also obtained by the research productsCHIRPSv2, TMPA 3B42v7 and MSWEPv1.1, while CMORPH, PERSIANN-CDR, and thereal-time PERSIANN-CCS-Adj were less skillful in representing observedrainfall. While PGFv3 (currently available up to 2010) might be used in Chilefor historical analyses and calibration of hydrological models, the highspatial resolution, low latency and long data records of CHIRPS and TMPA3B42v7 (in transition to IMERG) show promising potential to be used inmeteorological studies and water resource assessments. We finally concludethat despite improvements of most SRE products, a site-specific assessment isstill needed before any use in catchment-scale hydrological studies

Temporal and spatial evaluation of satellite-based rainfall estimates across the complex topographical and climatic gradients of Chile