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Improving our ability to estimate the parameters that control water and heatfluxes in the shallow subsurface is particularly important due to theirstrong control on recharge, evaporation and biogeochemical processes. Theobjectives of this study are to develop and test a new inversion scheme tosimultaneously estimate subsurface hydrological, thermal and petrophysicalparameters using hydrological, thermal and electrical resistivitytomography (ERT) data. The inversion scheme – which is based on anonisothermal, multiphase hydrological model – provides the desired subsurface property estimates in high spatiotemporal resolution. A particularly novel aspect of the inversion scheme is the explicit incorporation of thedependence of the subsurface electrical resistivity on both moisture andtemperature. The scheme was applied to synthetic case studies, as well as toreal datasets that were autonomously collected at a biogeochemical fieldstudy site in Rifle, Colorado. At the Rifle site, the coupledhydrological-thermal-geophysical inversion approach well predicted the matricpotential, temperature and apparent resistivity with the Nash–Sutcliffeefficiency criterion greater than 0.92. Synthetic studies found thatneglecting the subsurface temperature variability, and its effect on theelectrical resistivity in the hydrogeophysical inversion, may lead to anincorrect estimation of the hydrological parameters. The approach is expectedto be especially useful for the increasing number of studies that are takingadvantage of autonomously collected ERT and soil measurements to explorecomplex terrestrial system dynamics

Quantifying shallow subsurface water and heat dynamics using coupled hydrological-thermal-geophysical inversion