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A comprehensive assessment of the partitioning of precipitation (P) intoevapotranspiration (E) and runoff (Q) is of major importance for a widerange of socio-economic sectors. For climatological averages, the Budykoframework provides a simple first-order relationship to estimate wateravailability represented by the ratio E / P as a function of thearidity index (Ep∕P, with Ep denoting potentialevaporation). However, the Budyko framework is limited to steady-stateconditions, being a result of assuming negligible storage change in theland–water balance. Processes leading to changes in the terrestrial water storageat any spatial and/or temporal scale are hence not represented. Here wepropose an analytically derived modification of the Budyko frameworkincluding a new parameter explicitly representing additional water availableto evapotranspiration besides instantaneous precipitation. The modifiedframework is comprehensively analyzed, showing that the additional parameterleads to a rotation of the original water supply limit. We further evaluatethe new formulation in an example application at mean seasonal timescales,showing that the extended framework is able to represent conditions in whichmonthly to annual evapotranspiration exceeds monthly to annual precipitation

A two-parameter Budyko function to represent conditions under which evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation