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The Amazon Basin is a region of global importance for thecarbon and hydrological cycles, a biodiversity hotspot, and a potentialcentre for future economic development. The region is also a major source ofwater vapour recycled into continental precipitation throughevapotranspiration processes. This review applies an ecohydrologicalapproach to Amazonia's water cycle by looking at contributions of waterresources in the context of future agricultural production. At present,agriculture in the region is primarily rain-fed and relies almostexclusively on green-water resources (soil moisture regenerated byprecipitation). Future agricultural development, however, will likely followpathways that include irrigation from blue-water sources (surface water andgroundwater) as insurance from variability in precipitation. In this review,we first provide an updated summary of the green–blue ecohydrologicalframework before describing past trends in Amazonia's water resources withinthe context of land use and land cover change. We then describe green- andblue-water trade-offs in light of future agricultural production andpotential irrigation to assess costs and benefits to terrestrial ecosystems,particularly land and biodiversity protection, and regional precipitationrecycling. Management of green water is needed, particularly at theagricultural frontier located in the headwaters of major tributaries to theAmazon River, and home to key downstream blue-water users and ecosystemservices, including domestic and industrial users, as well as aquaticecosystems

hydrology and earth system sciences

A review of green- and blue-water resources and their trade-offs for future agricultural production in the Amazon Basin: what could irrigated agriculture mean for Amazonia?