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Droughts can have an impact on forest functioning and production, and evenlead to tree mortality. However, drought is an elusive phenomenonthat is difficult to quantify and define universally. In this study,we assessed the performance of a set of indicators that have beenused to describe drought conditions in the summer months (June,July, August) over a 30-year period (1981–2010) inFinland. Those indicators include the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI), the Standardized Precipitation–Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI),the Soil Moisture Index (SMI), and the Soil Moisture Anomaly (SMA).Herein, regional soil moisture was produced by theland surface model JSBACH of the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM). Results show that the buffering effectof soil moisture and the associated soil moisture memory can impacton the onset and duration of drought as indicated by the SMI andSMA, while the SPI and SPEI are directly controlled by meteorological conditions.  In particular, we investigated whether the SMI, SMA and SPEI areable to indicate the Extreme Drought affecting Forest health (EDF),which we defined according to the extreme drought that caused severeforest damages in Finland in 2006. The EDF thresholds for the aforementionedindicators are suggested, based on the reported statistics of forest damagesin Finland in 2006. SMI was found to be the best indicator in capturing the spatial extent offorest damage induced by the extreme drought in 2006. In addition,through the application of the EDF thresholds over the summer months of the 30-year studyperiod, the SPEI and SMA tended to show more frequent EDF events and a higher fraction ofinfluenced area than SMI. This is because the SPEI and SMA are standardizedindicators that show the degree of anomalies from statistical means over theaggregation period of climate conditions and soil moisture, respectively.However, in boreal forests in Finland, the high initial soil moisture or existenceof peat often prevent the EDFs indicated by the SPEI and SMA to produce verylow soil moisture that could be indicated as EDFs by the SMI. Therefore,we consider SMI is more appropriate for indicating EDFs in boreal forests.The selected EDF thresholds for those indicators could be calibrated when thereare more forest health observation data available. Furthermore, in the contextof future climate scenarios, assessments of EDF risks in northernareas should, in addition to climate data, rely on a land surface modelcapable of reliable prediction of soil moisture

Assessing various drought indicators in representing summer drought in boreal forests in Finland