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Human water use has significantly increased during the recent past. Waterwithdrawals from surface and groundwater sources have altered terrestrialdischarge and storage, with large variability in time and space. Thesewithdrawals are driven by sectoral demands for water, but are commonlysubject to supply constraints, which determine water allocation. Watersupply and allocation, therefore, should be considered together with waterdemand and appropriately included in Earth system models to address variouslarge-scale effects with or without considering possible climateinteractions. In a companion paper, we review the modeling of demand inlarge-scale models. Here, we review the algorithms developed to representthe elements of water supply and allocation in land surface and globalhydrologic models. We note that some potentially important onlineimplications, such as the effects of large reservoirs on land–atmosphericfeedbacks, have not yet been fully investigated. Regarding offlineimplications, we find that there are important elements, such as groundwateravailability and withdrawals, and the representation of large reservoirs,which should be improved. We identify major sources of uncertainty incurrent simulations due to limitations in data support, water allocationalgorithms, host large-scale models as well as propagation of various biasesacross the integrated modeling system. Considering these findings with thosehighlighted in our companion paper, we note that advancements in computationand coupling techniques as well as improvements in natural and anthropogenicprocess representation and parameterization in host large-scale models, inconjunction with remote sensing and data assimilation can facilitate inclusionof water resource management at larger scales. Nonetheless, various modelingoptions should be carefully considered, diagnosed and intercompared. We propose a modularframework to develop integrated models based on multiple hypotheses for datasupport, water resource management algorithms and host models in a unifieduncertainty assessment framework. A key to this development is theavailability of regional-scale data for model development, diagnosis andvalidation. We argue that the time is right for a global initiative, basedon regional case studies, to move this agenda forward

hydrology and earth system sciences

On inclusion of water resource management in Earth system models – Part 2: Representation of water supply and allocation and opportunities for improved modeling