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Observation and quantification of the Earth's surface is undergoing arevolutionary change due to the increased spatial resolution and extentafforded by light detection and ranging (lidar) technology. As aconsequence, lidar-derived information has led to fundamental discoverieswithin the individual disciplines of geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology.These disciplines form the cornerstones of critical zone (CZ) science, whereresearchers study how interactions among the geosphere, hydrosphere, andbiosphere shape and maintain the "zone of life", which extends from thetop of unweathered bedrock to the top of the vegetation canopy. Fundamentalto CZ science is the development of transdisciplinary theories and toolsthat transcend disciplines and inform other's work, capture newlevels of complexity, and create new intellectual outcomes and spaces.Researchers are just beginning to use lidar data sets to answersynergistic, transdisciplinary questions in CZ science, such as how CZprocesses co-evolve over long timescales and interact over shorter timescales to create thresholds, shifts in states and fluxes of water, energy,and carbon. The objective of this review is to elucidate the transformativepotential of lidar for CZ science to simultaneously allow for quantificationof topographic, vegetative, and hydrological processes. A review of 147peer-reviewed lidar studies highlights a lack of lidar applications for CZ studies as 38 % of the studies were focused ingeomorphology, 18 % in hydrology, 32 % in ecology, and the remaining12 % had an interdisciplinary focus. A handful of exemplartransdisciplinary studies demonstrate lidar data sets that are well-integrated with other observations can lead to fundamental advances in CZ science, such asidentification of feedbacks between hydrological and ecological processesover hillslope scales and the synergistic co-evolution of landscape-scale CZstructure due to interactions amongst carbon, energy, and water cycles. Wepropose that using lidar to its full potential will require numerousadvances, including new and more powerful open-sourceprocessing tools, exploiting new lidar acquisition technologies, andimproved integration with physically based models and complementary in situ andremote-sensing observations. We provide a 5-year vision that advocatesfor the expanded use of lidar data sets and highlights subsequent potentialto advance the state of CZ science

Laser vision: lidar as a transformative tool to advance critical zone science