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In Mediterranean environments, evaporation is a key component of lake waterbudgets. This applies to Lake Baratz in Sardinia, Italy, a closed lake thatalmost dried up in 2008 after a succession of years with low seasonalrainfall. We used the energy budget method and Penman's equation to estimateevaporation over Lake Baratz. We measured, using a raft station, watertemperature at the surface, at 1, 2, 4, 6 m depth and at the bottom of the lake, as well as  airtemperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and net radiation over a periodof 3 years. We also compared Penman's equation and the energy budgetmethod in two other climatic zones using published data. Our results indicatethat mean yearly evaporation over Lake Baratz was 950 mm. On an annualscale, evaporation estimated by Penman's method omitting heat storage as isusually done was 18% higher than by the energy budget method that includedheat storage, with monthly differences ranging between −38 and +60%.Including the heat storage term in Penman's equation changed the monthlyvalues but did not change the yearly value significantly. Solar radiation andheat storage were found to be the most important energy fluxes to and fromthe lake and had the greatest effect on evaporation rates for the energybudget method. The bias between the two methods has a seasonal cycle due tothe storage and release of energy from the lake. Energy advected to and fromthe lake by precipitation, surface water and ground water had minor effecton evaporation rates. Lake Baratz, like other lakes in a Mediterraneanenvironment, is particularly sensitive to the summer hot and dry climate. Incontrast, we found that rates of evaporation estimated from Penman and theenergy budget methods over tropical African lakes were nearly constant overthe entire year and the difference between the two methods smaller.Difference between the two methods for North American lakes is also smallerprobably owing to the ice-cover season and to lower radiation and lowertemperatures during summer

Evaporation in a Mediterranean environment by energy budget and Penman methods, Lake Baratz, Sardinia, Italy