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Statistics of central tendency and dispersion may not capture relevant ordesired characteristics of the distribution of continuous phenomena and,thus, they may not adequately describe temporal patterns of change. Here, wepresent two methodological approaches that can help to identify temporalchanges in environmental regimes. First, we use higher-orderstatistical moments (skewness and kurtosis) to examine potential changes ofempirical distributions at decadal extents. Second, we adapt a statisticalprocedure combining a non-metric multidimensional scaling technique andhigher density region plots to detect potentially anomalous years. Weillustrate the use of these approaches by examining long-term streamtemperature data from minimally and highly human-influenced streams. Inparticular, we contrast predictions about thermal regime responses tochanging climates and human-related water uses. Using these methods, weeffectively diagnose years with unusual thermal variability and patterns invariability through time, as well as spatial variability linked to regionaland local factors that influence stream temperature. Our findings highlightthe complexity of responses of thermal regimes of streams and reveal theirdifferential vulnerability to climate warming and human-related water uses.The two approaches presented here can be applied with a variety of othercontinuous phenomena to address historical changes, extreme events, andtheir associated ecological responses

hydrology and earth system sciences

Technical Note: Higher-order statistical moments and a procedure that detects potentially anomalous years as two alternative methods describing alterations in continuous environmental data