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Groundwater-dependent ecosystems (GDEs) have important functions in allclimatic zones as they contribute to biological and landscape diversity andprovide important economic and social services. Steadily growinganthropogenic pressure on groundwater resources creates a conflict situationbetween nature and man which are competing for clean and safe sources ofwater. Such conflicts are particularly noticeable in GDEs located in denselypopulated regions. A dedicated study was launched in 2010 with the main aimto better understand the functioning of a groundwater-dependent terrestrialecosystem (GDTE) located in southern Poland. The GDTE consists of a valuableforest stand (Niepolomice Forest) and associated wetland (Wielkie Błotofen). It relies mostly on groundwater from the shallow Quaternary aquiferand possibly from the deeper Neogene (Bogucice Sands) aquifer. In July 2009a cluster of new pumping wells abstracting water from the Neogene aquiferwas set up 1 km to the northern border of the fen. A conceptual model of theWielkie Błoto fen area for the natural, pre-exploitation state and for theenvisaged future status resulting from intense abstraction of groundwaterthrough the new well field was developed. The main aim of the reported studywas to probe the validity of the conceptual model and to quantify theexpected anthropogenic impact on the studied GDTE. A wide range of researchtools was used. The results obtained through combined geologic, geophysical,geochemical, hydrometric and isotope investigations provide strongevidence for the existence of upward seepage of groundwater from the deeperNeogene aquifer to the shallow Quaternary aquifer supporting the studiedGDTE. Simulations of the groundwater flow field in the study area with the aidof a 3-D flow and transport model developed for Bogucice Sands (Neogene)aquifer and calibrated using environmental tracer data and observations ofhydraulic head in three different locations on the study area, allowed us toquantify the transient response of the aquifer to operation of thenewly established Wola Batorska well field. The model runs reveal the presence ofupward groundwater seepage to the shallow Quaternary aquifer of theorder of 440 m3 d−1. By the end of the simulation period (2029),with continuous operation of the Wola Batorska well field at maximumpermissible capacity (ca. 10 000 m3 d−1), the direction ofgroundwater seepage will change sign (total change of the order of 900 m3 d−1).The water table drawdown in the study area will reach ca. 30 cm. This mayhave significant adverse effects on functioning of thestudied GDTE

hydrology and earth system sciences

Quantification of anthropogenic impact on groundwater-dependent terrestrial ecosystem using geochemical and isotope tools combined with 3-D flow and transport modelling