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The water footprint is a consumption-based indicator of water use, referringto the total volume of freshwater used directly and indirectly by a nation ora company, or in the provision of a product or service. Despite widespreadenthusiasm for the development and use of water footprints, some concernshave been raised about the concept and its usefulness. A variety ofmethodologies have been developed for water footprinting which differ withrespect to how they deal with different forms of water use. The result iswater footprint estimates which vary dramatically, often creating confusion.Despite these methodological qualms, the concept has had notable success inraising awareness about water use in agricultural and industrial supplychains, by providing a previously unavailable and (seemingly) simplenumerical indicator of water use. Nevertheless, and even though a range ofuses have already been suggested for water footprinting, its policy valueremains unclear. Unlike the carbon footprint which provides a universalmeasure of human impact on the atmosphere's limited absorptive capacity, thewater footprint in its conventional form solely quantifies a singleproduction input without any accounting of the impacts of use, which varyspatially and temporally. Following an extensive review of the literaturerelated to water footprints, this paper critically examines the present usesof the concept, focusing on its current strengths, shortcomings and promisingresearch avenues to advance it

Quantifying the human impact on water resources: a critical review of the water footprint concept