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There is little information in scientific literature regarding themodifications induced by check dam systems in flow regimes within restoredgully reaches, despite it being a crucial issue for the design of gullyrestoration measures. Here, we develop a conceptual model to classify flowregimes in straight rectangular channels for initial and dam-fillingconditions as well as a method of estimating efficiency in order to providedesign guidelines. The model integrates several previous mathematicalapproaches for assessing the main processes involved (hydraulic jump, impactflow, gradually varied flows). Ten main classifications of flow regimes wereidentified, producing similar results when compared with the IBER model. Aninterval for optimal energy dissipation (ODI) was observed when the steepnessfactor c was plotted against the design number (DN, ratio between theheight and the product of slope and critical depth). The ODI wascharacterized by maximum energy dissipation and total influence conditions.Our findings support the hypothesis of a maximum flow resistance principlevalid for a range of spacing rather than for a unique configuration. A valueof c = 1 and DN ~ 100 was found to economically meet the ODIconditions throughout the different sedimentation stages of the structure.When our model was applied using the same parameters to the range typical ofstep-pool systems, the predicted results fell within a similar region to thatobserved in field experiments. The conceptual model helps to explain thespacing frequency distribution as well as the often-cited trend to lower cfor increasing slopes in step-pool systems. This reinforces the hypothesis ofa close link between stable configurations of step-pool units and man-madeinterventions through check dams

A conceptual model of check dam hydraulics for gully control: efficiency, optimal spacing and relation with step-pools