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When simulating social action in modeling efforts, as in socio-hydrology, anissue of obvious importance is how to ensure that social action by humanagents is well-represented in the analysis and the model. Generally, humandecision-making is either modeled on a yearly basis or lumped together ascollective social structures. Both responses are problematic, as humandecision-making is more complex and organizations are the result of humanagency and cannot be used as explanatory forces. A way out of the dilemma ofhow to include human agency is to go to the largest societal andenvironmental clustering possible: society itself and climate, with timesteps of years or decades. In the paper, another way out is developed: toface human agency squarely, and direct the modeling approach to the agency ofindividuals and couple this with the lowest appropriate hydrological leveland time step. This approach is supported theoretically by the work of BrunoLatour, the French sociologist and philosopher. We discuss irrigationarchaeology, as it is in this discipline that the issues of scale andexplanatory force are well discussed. The issue is not just what scale touse: it is what scale matters. We argue that understanding the arrangementsthat permitted the management of irrigation over centuries requires modelingand understanding the small-scale, day-to-day operations and personalinteractions upon which they were built. This effort, however, must beinformed by the longer-term dynamics, as these provide the context withinwhich human agency is acted out

A journey of a thousand miles begins with one small step – human agency, hydrological processes and time in socio-hydrology