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China has dramatically increased its virtual water import over recent years.Many studies have focused on the quantity of traded virtual water, but veryfew go into analysing geographic distribution and the properties of China'svirtual water trade network. This paper provides a calculation and analysisof the crop-related virtual water trade network of China based on 27 majorprimary crops between 1986 and 2009. The results show that China is a netimporter of virtual water from water-abundant areas of North America and SouthAmerica, and a net virtual water exporter to water-stressed areas of Asia,Africa, and Europe. Virtual water import is far larger than virtual waterexport, and in both import and export a small number of trade partnerscontrol the supply chain. Grain crops are the major contributors to virtualwater trade, and among grain crops, soybeans, mostly imported from the US,Brazil and Argentina, are the most significant. In order to mitigate waterscarcity and secure the food supply, virtual water should actively beincorporated into national water management strategies. And the sources ofvirtual water import need to be further diversified to reduce supply chainrisks and increase resilience

Recent evolution of China's virtual water trade: analysis of selected crops and considerations for policy