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A three-layer TOPMODEL is constructed by inte- grating diffusion wave approach into surface flow, soil mois- ture deficit into inter flow and exponential recession curve function into base flow. A subtropical mountainous water- shed, Heng-Chi, and 22 rain storms with various rainfall types and wide ranges of total rainfall (from 81 to 1026 mm) were applied. The global best-fitted parameter set gives an average efficient coefficient of 82% for calibration and 80% for validation. Sensitivity analysis reveals that soil trans- missivity dominates the discharge volume and recession co- efficient dominates the hydrograph shape in TOPMODEL framework. Over 90% observed discharges of validation events falls within the 90% confidence interval derived form calibration events. The resembling performances between calibration and validation as well as good results of the con- fidence interval demonstrate the capability of 3-layer TOP- MODEL on simulating cyclones with various rainfall inten- sity and pattern in subtropical watershed. Meanwhile, the upper confidence limit is suggested preferably when consid- ering flood assessment.

Simulating typhoon-induced storm hydrographs in subtropical mountainous watershed: an integrated 3-layer TOPMODEL