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A distributed model for simulating the land sur- face hydrological processes in the Heihe river basin was de- veloped and validated on the basis of considering the physi- cal mechanism of hydrological cycle and the artificial system of water utilization in the basin. Modeling approach of ev- ery component process was introduced from 2 aspects, i.e., water cycle and energy cycle. The hydrological processes include evapotranspiration, infiltration, runoff, groundwater flow, interaction between groundwater and river water, over- land flow, river flow and artificial cycle processes of water utilization. A simulation of 21 years from 1982 to 2002 was carried out after obtaining various input data and model parameters. The model was validated for both the simu- lation of monthly discharge process and that of daily dis- charge process. Water budgets and spatial and temporal vari- ations of hydrological cycle components as well as energy cycle components in the upper and middle reach Heihe basin (36 728 km 2 ) were studied by using the distributed hydrolog- ical model. In addition, the model was further used to pre- dict the water budgets under the future land surface change scenarios in the basin. The modeling results show: (1) in the upper reach watershed, the annual average evapotranspi- ration and runoff account for 63% and 37% of the annual precipitation, respectively, the snow melting runoff accounts for 19% of the total runoff and 41% of the direct runoff, and the groundwater storage has no obvious change; (2) in the middle reach basin, the annual average evapotranspira- tion is 52 mm more than the local annual precipitation, and the groundwater storage is of an obvious declining trend be- cause of irrigation water consumption; (3) for the scenario of conservation forest construction in the upper reach basin, although the evapotranspiration from interception may in- crease, the soil evaporation may reduce at the same time, therefore the total evapotranspiration may not increase obvi- ously; the measure of changing the farmland to pasture land in the middle reach basin has obvious effects on decreas- ing evapotranspiration, increasing the discharge at Zhengy- ixia, and decreasing the storage deficit; reducing the irriga- tion surface water use in the middle reach basin has obvious functions on increasing the discharge to downstream but the groundwater exploitation increasing should be restricted to prevent the groundwater table decline.

Distributed modeling of landsurface water and energy budgets in the inland Heihe river basin of China