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Reproducibility and reliability are fundamental principles of scientificresearch. A compiling setup that includes a specific compiler version andcompiler flags is an essential technical support for Earth system modeling.With the fast development of computer software and hardware, a compilingsetup has to be updated frequently, which challenges the reproducibility andreliability of Earth system modeling. The existing results of a simulationusing an original compiling setup may be irreproducible by a newer compilingsetup because trivial round-off errors introduced by the change in compilingsetup can potentially trigger significant changes in simulation results.Regarding the reliability, a compiler with millions of lines of code mayhave bugs that are easily overlooked due to the uncertainties or unknowns inEarth system modeling. To address these challenges, this study shows thatdifferent compiling setups can achieve exactly the same (bitwise identical)results in Earth system modeling, and a set of bitwise identical compilingsetups of a model can be used across different compiler versions anddifferent compiler flags. As a result, the original results can be moreeasily reproduced; for example, the original results with an older compilerversion can be reproduced exactly with a newer compiler version. Moreover,this study shows that new test cases can be generated based on thedifferences of bitwise identical compiling setups between different models,which can help detect software bugs in the codes of models and compilers andfinally improve the reliability of Earth system modeling

Bitwise identical compiling setup: prospective for reproducibility and reliability of Earth system modeling