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The Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF/Chem) v3.6.1with the Carbon Bond 2005 (CB05) gas-phase mechanism is evaluated for itsfirst decadal application during 2001–2010 using the RepresentativeConcentration Pathway 8.5 (RCP 8.5) emissions to assess its capability andappropriateness for long-term climatological simulations. The initial andboundary conditions are downscaled from the modified Community Earth SystemModel/Community Atmosphere Model (CESM/CAM5) v1.2.2. The meteorologicalinitial and boundary conditions are bias-corrected using the National Centerfor Environmental Protection's Final (FNL) Operational Global Analysis data.Climatological evaluations are carried out for meteorological, chemical, andaerosol–cloud–radiation variables against data from surface networks andsatellite retrievals. The model performs very well for the 2 m temperature(T2) for the 10-year period, with only a small cold bias of−0.3 °C. Biases in other meteorological variables includingrelative humidity at 2 m, wind speed at 10 m, and precipitation tend to besite- and season-specific; however, with the exception of T2, consistentannual biases exist for most of the years from 2001 to 2010. Ozone mixingratios are slightly overpredicted at both urban and rural locations with anormalized mean bias (NMB) of 9.7 % but underpredicted at rural locationswith an NMB of −8.8 %. PM2.5 concentrations are moderatelyoverpredicted with an NMB of 23.3 % at rural sites but slightlyunderpredicted with an NMB of −10.8 % at urban/suburban sites. Ingeneral, the model performs relatively well for chemical and meteorologicalvariables, and not as well for aerosol–cloud–radiation variables.Cloud-aerosol variables including aerosol optical depth, cloud water path,cloud optical thickness, and cloud droplet number concentration are generallyunderpredicted on average across the continental US. Overpredictions ofseveral cloud variables over the eastern US result in underpredictions ofradiation variables (such as net shortwave radiation – GSW – with a meanbias – MB – of −5.7 W m−2) and overpredictions of shortwave andlongwave cloud forcing (MBs of  ∼  7 to 8 W m−2), which areimportant climate variables. While the current performance is deemed to beacceptable, improvements to the bias-correction method for CESM downscalingand the model parameterizations of cloud dynamics and thermodynamics, as wellas aerosol–cloud interactions, can potentially improve model performance forlong-term climate simulations

geoscientific model development

Decadal evaluation of regional climate, air quality, and their interactions over the continental US and their interactions using WRF/Chem version 3.6.1