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In this study we present the first results of a newisotope-enabled general circulation model set-up. The model consists of thefully coupled ECHAM5/MPI-OM atmosphere–ocean model, enhanced by the JSBACHinteractive land surface scheme and an explicit hydrological discharge schemeto close the global water budget. Stable water isotopes H<sub>2</sub><sup>18</sup>O andHDO have been incorporated into all relevant model components. Results of twoequilibrium simulations under pre-industrial and Last Glacial Maximumconditions are analysed and compared to observational data and paleoclimaterecords for evaluating the model's performance in simulating spatial andtemporal variations in the isotopic composition of the Earth's water cycle.For the pre-industrial climate, many aspects of the simulation results ofmeteoric waters are in good to very good agreement with both observations andearlier atmosphere-only simulations. The model is capable of adequatelysimulating the large spread in the isotopic composition of precipitationbetween low and high latitudes. A comparison to available ocean data alsoshows a good model–data agreement; however, a strong bias of overly depletedocean surface waters is detected for the Arctic region. Simulation resultsunder Last Glacial Maximum boundary conditions also fit to the wealth ofavailable isotope records from polar ice cores, speleothems, as well asmarine calcite data. Data–model evaluation of the isotopic composition inprecipitation reveals a good match of the model results and indicates thatthe temporal glacial–interglacial isotope–temperature relation wassubstantially lower than the present spatial gradient for most mid- tohigh-latitudinal regions. As compared to older atmosphere-only simulations, aremarkable improvement is achieved for the modelling of the deuterium excesssignal in Antarctic ice cores. Our simulation results indicate that coolsub-tropical and mid-latitudinal sea surface temperatures are key for thisprogress. A recently discussed revised interpretation of the deuterium excessrecord of Antarctic ice cores in terms of marine relative humidity changes onglacial–interglacial timescales is not supported by our model results

geoscientific model development

Glacial–interglacial changes in H&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt;&amp;lt;sup&amp;gt;18&amp;lt;/sup&amp;gt;O, HDO and deuterium excess – results from the fully coupled ECHAM5/MPI-OM Earth system model