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The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP) aims to\udinvestigate the spread in simulations of sea-level and ocean climate change\udin response to CO<sub>2</sub> forcing by atmosphere–ocean general circulation\udmodels (AOGCMs). It is particularly motivated by the uncertainties in\udprojections of ocean heat uptake, global-mean sea-level rise due to thermal\udexpansion and the geographical patterns of sea-level change due to ocean\uddensity and circulation change. FAFMIP has three tier-1 experiments, in which\udprescribed surface flux perturbations of momentum, heat and freshwater\udrespectively are applied to the ocean in separate AOGCM simulations. All\udother conditions are as in the pre-industrial control. The prescribed fields\udare typical of pattern and magnitude of changes in these fluxes projected by\udAOGCMs for doubled CO<sub>2</sub> concentration. Five groups have tested the\udexperimental design with existing AOGCMs. Their results show diversity in the\udpattern and magnitude of changes, with some common qualitative features. Heat\udand water flux perturbation cause the dipole in sea-level change in the North\udAtlantic, while momentum and heat flux perturbation cause the gradient across\udthe Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The Atlantic meridional overturning\udcirculation (AMOC) declines in response to the heat flux perturbation, and\udthere is a strong positive feedback on this effect due to the consequent\udcooling of sea-surface temperature in the North Atlantic, which enhances the\udlocal heat input to the ocean. The momentum and water flux perturbations do\udnot substantially affect the AMOC. Heat is taken up largely as a passive\udtracer in the Southern Ocean, which is the region of greatest heat input,\udwhile the weakening of the AMOC causes redistribution of heat towards lower\udlatitudes. Future analysis of these and other phenomena with the wider range\udof CMIP6 FAFMIP AOGCMs will benefit from new diagnostics of temperature and\udsalinity tendencies, which will enable investigation of the model spread in\udbehaviour in terms of physical processes as formulated in the models

geoscientific model development

The Flux-Anomaly-Forced Model Intercomparison Project (FAFMIP) contribution to CMIP6: investigation of sea-level and ocean climate change in response to CO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; forcing