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PALADYN is presented; it is a new comprehensive and computationally efficientland surface–vegetation–carbon cycle model designed to be used in Earthsystem models of intermediate complexity for long-term simulations andpaleoclimate studies.  The model treats in a consistent manner the interaction between atmosphere,terrestrial vegetation and soil through the fluxes of energy, water and carbon.Energy, water and carbon are conserved. PALADYN explicitly treatspermafrost, both in physical processes and as an important carbon pool.It distinguishes nine surface types: five different vegetationtypes, bare soil, land ice, lake and ocean shelf. Including the ocean shelfallows the treatment of continuous changes in sea level and shelf area associatedwith glacial cycles. Over each surface type, the model solves the surfaceenergy balance and computes the fluxes of sensible, latent and ground heatand upward shortwave and longwave radiation. The model includes a single snow layer.  Vegetation and bare soil share a single soil column. The soil is verticallydiscretized into five layers where prognostic equations for temperature,water and carbon are consistently solved. Phase changes of water in thesoil are explicitly considered. A surface hydrology module computesprecipitation interception by vegetation, surface runoff and soilinfiltration. The soil water equation is based on Darcy's law.Given soil water content, the wetland fraction is computed based on atopographic index.The temperature profile is also computed in the upper part of ice sheetsand in the ocean shelf soil.  Photosynthesis is computed using a light use efficiency model. Carbonassimilation by vegetation is coupled to the transpiration of water throughstomatal conductance. PALADYN includes a dynamic vegetation module withfive plant functional types competing for the grid cell share with theirrespective net primary productivity.  PALADYN distinguishes between mineral soil carbon, peat carbon, buried carbonand shelf carbon. Each soil carbon type has its own soil carbon poolsgenerally represented by a litter, a fast and a slow carbon pool in each soillayer. Carbon can be redistributed between the layers by vertical diffusionand advection. For the vegetated macro surface type, decomposition is afunction of soil temperature and soil moisture. Carbon in permanently frozenlayers is assigned a long turnover time which effectively locks carbon inpermafrost. Carbon buried below ice sheets and on flooded ocean shelves istreated differently. The model also includes a dynamic peat module.  PALADYN includes carbon isotopes <sup>13</sup>C and <sup>14</sup>C, which are trackedthrough all carbon pools. Isotopic discrimination is modelled onlyduring photosynthesis.  A simple methane module is implemented to represent methane emissionsfrom anaerobic carbon decomposition in wetlands (including peatlands) andflooded ocean shelf.  The model description is accompanied by a thorough model evaluation inoffline mode for the present day and the historical period

PALADYN v1.0, a comprehensive land surface–vegetation–carbon cycle model of intermediate complexity