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The Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) is the interactivevegetation component in the Earth system model of the CanadianCentre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. CTEM modelsland–atmosphere exchange of CO<sub>2</sub> through the response ofcarbon in living vegetation, and dead litter and soil pools, tochanges in weather and climate at timescales of days tocenturies. Version 1.0 of CTEM uses prescribed fractional coverageof plant functional types (PFTs) although, in reality, vegetationcover continually adapts to changes in climate, atmosphericcomposition and anthropogenic forcing.  Changes in the spatialdistribution of vegetation occur on timescales of years to centuriesas vegetation distributions inherently have inertia. Here, wepresent version 2.0 of CTEM, which includes a representation ofcompetition between PFTs based on a modified version of theLotka–Volterra (L–V) predator–prey equations.  Our approach isused to dynamically simulate the fractional coverage of CTEM's sevennatural, non-crop PFTs, which are then compared with availableobservation-based estimates. Results from CTEM v. 2.0 show the modelis able to represent the broad spatial distributions of its sevenPFTs at the global scale. However, differences remain betweenmodelled and observation-based fractional coverage of PFTs sincerepresenting the multitude of plant species globally, with justseven non-crop PFTs, only captures the large-scale climatic controlson PFT distributions.  As expected, PFTs that exist in climateniches are difficult to represent either due to the coarse spatialresolution of the model, and the corresponding driving climate, orthe limited number of PFTs used. We also simulate the fractionalcoverage of PFTs using unmodified L–V equations to illustrate itslimitations.  The geographic and zonal distributions of primaryterrestrial carbon pools and fluxes from the versions of CTEM thatuse prescribed and dynamically simulated fractional coverage of PFTscompare reasonably well with each other and observation-basedestimates. The parametrization of competition between PFTs in CTEMv. 2.0 based on the modified L–V equations behaves in a reasonablyrealistic manner and yields a tool with which to investigate thechanges in spatial distribution of vegetation in response to futurechanges in climate

Competition between plant functional types in the Canadian Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (CTEM) v. 2.0