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This study presents a new ion–neutral chemical modelcoupled into the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). Theionospheric D-region (altitudes ∼  50–90 km)chemistry is based on the Sodankylä Ion Chemistry (SIC)model, a one-dimensional model containing 307 ion–neutral andion recombination, 16 photodissociation and 7 photoionization reactionsof neutral species, positive and negative ions, and electrons. The SICmechanism was reduced using the simulation error minimization connectivitymethod (SEM-CM) to produce a reaction scheme of 181 ion–molecule reactionsof 181 ion–molecule reactions of 27 positive and 18 negative ions. Thisscheme describes the concentration profiles at altitudes between 20 km and120 km of a set of major neutral species (HNO3, O3,H2O2, NO, NO2, HO2, OH, N2O5) and ions(O2+, O4+, NO+, NO+(H2O),O2+(H2O), H+(H2O), H+(H2O)2,H+(H2O)3, H+(H2O)4, O3−,NO2−, O−, O2, OH−, O2−(H2O),O2−(H2O)2, O4−, CO3−,CO3−(H2O), CO4−, HCO3−, NO2−,NO3−, NO3−(H2O), NO3−(H2O)2,NO3−(HNO3), NO3−(HNO3)2, Cl−,ClO−), which agree with the full SIC mechanism within a 5 %tolerance. Four 3-D model simulations were then performed, using the impactof the January 2005 solar proton event (SPE) on D-region HOxand NOx chemistry as a test case of four different model versions:the standard WACCM (no negative ions and a very limited set of positiveions); WACCM-SIC (standard WACCM with the full SIC chemistry of positive andnegative ions); WACCM-D (standard WACCM with a heuristic reduction of theSIC chemistry, recently used to examine HNO3 formation following anSPE); and WACCM-rSIC (standard WACCM with a reduction of SIC chemistry usingthe SEM-CM method). The standard WACCM misses the HNO3 enhancement duringthe SPE, while the full and reduced model versions predict significantNOx, HOx and HNO3 enhancements in the mesosphere duringsolar proton events. The SEM-CM reduction also identifies the importantion–molecule reactions that affect the partitioning of odd nitrogen(NOx), odd hydrogen (HOx) and O3 in the stratosphere andmesosphere

geoscientific model development

&amp;lt;i&amp;gt;D&amp;lt;/i&amp;gt;-region ion–neutral coupled chemistry (Sodankylä Ion Chemistry, SIC) within the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM 4) – WACCM-SIC and WACCM-rSIC