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Canopy structure is one of the most important vegetation characteristics forland–atmosphere interactions, as it determines the energy and scalarexchanges between the land surface and the overlying air mass. In this studywe evaluated the performance of a newly developed multi-layer energy budgetin the ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 land surface model (Organising Carbon and HydrologyIn Dynamic Ecosystems – CANopy), which simulates canopy structure and can becoupled to an atmospheric model using an implicit coupling procedure. We aimto provide a set of acceptable parameter values for a range of forest types.Top-canopy and sub-canopy flux observations from eight sites were collectedin order to conduct this evaluation. The sites crossed climate zones fromtemperate to boreal and the vegetation types included deciduous, evergreenbroad-leaved and evergreen needle-leaved forest with a maximum leaf areaindex (LAI; all-sided) ranging from 3.5 to 7.0. The parametrization approachproposed in this study was based on three selected physical processes –namely the diffusion, advection, and turbulent mixing within the canopy.Short-term sub-canopy observations and long-term surface fluxes were used tocalibrate the parameters in the sub-canopy radiation, turbulence, andresistance modules with an automatic tuning process. The multi-layer modelwas found to capture the dynamics of sub-canopy turbulence, temperature, andenergy fluxes. The performance of the new multi-layer model was furthercompared against the existing single-layer model. Although the multi-layermodel simulation results showed few or no improvements to both the nighttimeenergy balance and energy partitioning during winter compared with asingle-layer model simulation, the increased model complexity does provide amore detailed description of the canopy micrometeorology of various foresttypes. The multi-layer model links to potential future environmental andecological studies such as the assessment of in-canopy species vulnerabilityto climate change, the climate effects of disturbance intensities andfrequencies, and the consequences of biogenic volatile organic compound(BVOC) emissions from the terrestrial ecosystem

geoscientific model development

Evaluating the performance of land surface model ORCHIDEE-CAN v1.0 on water and energy flux estimation with a single- and multi-layer energy budget scheme