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Here, we present a three-dimensional fluid dynamic solver that simulatesdebris flows as a mixture of two fluids (a Coulomb viscoplastic model of thegravel mixed with a Herschel–Bulkley representation of the fine materialsuspension) in combination with an additional unmixed phase representing theair and the free surface. We link all rheological parameters to the materialcomposition, i.e., to water content, clay content, and mineral composition,content of sand and gravel, and the gravel's friction angle; the user mustspecify only two free model parameters. The volume-of-fluid (VoF) approach isused to combine the mixed phase and the air phase into a single cell-averagedNavier–Stokes equation for incompressible flow, based on code adaptedfrom standard solvers of the open-source CFD software OpenFOAM. Thiseffectively single-phase mixture VoF method saves computational costscompared to the more sophisticated drag-force-based multiphase models. Thus,complex three-dimensional flow structures can be simulated while accountingfor the pressure- and shear-rate-dependent rheology

geoscientific model development

DebrisInterMixing-2.3: a finite volume solver for three-dimensional debris-flow simulations with two calibration parameters – Part 1: Model description