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Idealised and hindcast simulations performed with the stand-alone oceancarbon-cycle configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM-OC)are described and evaluated. We present simulation results of three differentmodel configurations (two different model versions at different gridresolutions) using two different atmospheric forcing data sets. Model versionNorESM-OC1 corresponds to the version that is included in the NorESM-ME1fully coupled model, which participated in CMIP5. The main update betweenNorESM-OC1 and NorESM-OC1.2 is the addition of two new options for thetreatment of sinking particles. We find that using a constant sinking speed,which has been the standard in NorESM's ocean carbon cycle module HAMOCC(HAMburg Ocean Carbon Cycle model), does not transport enough particulateorganic carbon (POC) into the deep ocean below approximately 2000 m depth.The two newly implemented parameterisations, a particle aggregation schemewith prognostic sinking speed, and a simpler scheme that uses a linearincrease in the sinking speed with depth, provide better agreement withobserved POC fluxes. Additionally, reduced deep ocean biases of oxygen andremineralised phosphate indicate a better performance of the newparameterisations. For model version 1.2, a re-tuning of the ecosystemparameterisation has been performed, which (i) reduces previously too highprimary production at high latitudes, (ii) consequently improves modelresults for surface nutrients, and (iii) reduces alkalinity and dissolvedinorganic carbon biases at low latitudes. We use hindcast simulations withprescribed observed and constant (pre-industrial) atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>concentrations to derive the past and contemporary ocean carbon sink. For theperiod 1990–1999 we find an average ocean carbon uptake ranging from 2.01 to2.58 Pg C yr<sup>−1</sup> depending on model version, grid resolution, andatmospheric forcing data set

Evaluation of NorESM-OC (versions 1 and 1.2), the ocean carbon-cycle stand-alone configuration of the Norwegian Earth System Model (NorESM1)