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The successful modelling of the observed precipitation, a very importantvariable for a wide range of climate applications, continues to be one ofthe major challenges that climate scientists face today. When the WeatherResearch and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to dynamically downscale theClimate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) over the Indo-Pacific region, withanalysis (grid-point) nudging, it is found that the cumulus scheme used,Betts–Miller–Janjić (BMJ), produces excessive rainfall suggesting thatit has to be modified for this region. Experimentation has shown that thecumulus precipitation is not very sensitive to changes in the cloudefficiency but varies greatly in response to modifications of thetemperature and humidity reference profiles. A new version of the scheme,denoted "modified BMJ" scheme, where the humidity reference profile ismore moist, was developed. In tropical belt simulations it was found to givea better estimate of the observed precipitation as given by the TropicalRainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42 data set than the default BMJ schemefor the whole tropics and both monsoon seasons. In fact, in some regions themodel even outperforms CFSR. The advantage of modifying the BMJ scheme toproduce better rainfall estimates lies in the final dynamical consistency ofthe rainfall with other dynamical and thermodynamical variables of theatmosphere

Improved simulation of precipitation in the tropics using a modified BMJ scheme in the WRF model