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A bidirectional air–surface exchange scheme for atmospheric ammonia was incorporated into the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian  Transport air quality model (STILT-Chem v0.8). STILT-Chem v0.8 was  then applied to simulate atmospheric ammonia concentrations at 53  measurement sites in the province of Ontario, Canada for a six-month  period from 1 June to 30 November 2006. In addition to the  bidirectional scheme, two unidirectional dry deposition schemes  were tested. Comparisons of modeled ammonia concentrations against  observations show that all three schemes can reasonably predict  observations. For sites with low observed ammonia concentrations,  the bidirectional scheme clearly overestimated ammonia  concentrations during crop-growing season. Although all three schemes tended to underestimate  ammonia concentrations after mid-October and for sites with elevated observedconcentrations, mainly due to underestimated NH<sub>3</sub> emission inventory aftermid-October and/or underestimated emission potentials for those sites, thebidirectional scheme performed better because of its introduction ofcompensation points into the flux  calculation parameterization. In addition to uncertainties in the emission inventory, the results of additional sensitivity  tests suggest that uncertainties in the input values of emission  potentials in the bidirectional scheme greatly affect the accuracy  of modeled ammonia concentrations. The use of much larger emission  potentials in the bidirectional scheme and larger anthropogenic NH<sub>3</sub>   emission after mid-October than provided in the model emissions files is needed for accurate  prediction of elevated ammonia concentrations at intensive  agricultural locations

An evaluation of ambient ammonia concentrations over southern Ontario simulated with different dry deposition schemes within STILT-Chem v0.8