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. Wind stress, wind waves, and turbulence are essentialvariables and play a critical role in regulating a series of physical andbiogeochemical processes in large shallow lakes. However, theparameterization of these variables and simulation of their interactions inlarge shallow lakes have not been strictly evaluated owing to a lack offield observations of lake hydrodynamic processes. To address this problem,two process-based field observations were conducted to record thedevelopment of summer and winter wind-driven currents in Lake Taihu, a largeshallow lake in China. Using these observations and numerical experiments, a Wave and Current Coupled Model (WCCM) isdeveloped byrebuilding the wind drag coefficient expression, introducing wave-inducedradiation stress, and adopting a simple turbulence scheme to simulatewind-driven currents in Lake Taihu. The results show that the WCCM canaccurately simulate the upwelling process driven by wind-driven currentsduring the field observations. A comparison with a reference model indicatesa 42.9 % increase of the WCCM-simulated current speed, which is mainlyattributed to the new wind drag coefficient expression. The WCCM-simulatedcurrent direction and field are also improved owing to the introduction ofwave-induced radiation stress. The use of the simple turbulent scheme in theWCCM improves the efficiency of the upwelling process simulation. The WCCMthus provides a sound basis for simulating shallow lake ecosystems.

geoscientific model development

Reconsideration of wind stress, wind waves, and turbulence in simulating wind-driven currents of shallow lakes in the Wave and Current Coupled Model (WCCM) version 1.0