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. Understanding the differences between regional simulations of land–atmosphereinteractions and near-surface conditions is crucial for a more reliablerepresentation of past and future climate. Here, we explore the effect ofchanges in the model's horizontal resolution on the simulated energy balanceat the surface and near-surface conditions using the Weather Research andForecasting (WRF) model. To this aim, an ensemble of 12 simulations usingthree different horizontal resolutions (25, 50 and 100 km) and fourdifferent land surface model (LSM) configurations over North America from 1980to 2013 is developed. Our results show that finer resolutions lead to highersurface net shortwave radiation and maximum temperatures at mid and highlatitudes. At low latitudes over coastal areas, an increase in resolutionleads to lower values of sensible heat flux and higher values of latent heatflux, as well as lower values of surface temperatures and higher values ofprecipitation, and soil moisture in summer. The use of finer resolutions leadsthen to an increase in summer values of latent heat flux and convective andnon-convective precipitation and soil moisture at low latitudes. The effect ofthe LSM choice is larger than the effect of horizontal resolution on thenear-surface temperature conditions. By contrast, the effect of the LSM choiceon the simulation of precipitation is weaker than the effect of horizontalresolution, showing larger differences among LSM simulations in summer andover regions with high latent heat flux. Comparison between observations andthe simulation of daily maximum and minimum temperatures and accumulatedprecipitation indicates that the CLM4 LSM yields the lowest biases in maximumand minimum mean temperatures but the highest biases in extremetemperatures. Increasing horizontal resolution leads to larger biases inaccumulated precipitation over all regions particularly in summer. The reasonsbehind this are related to the partition between convective and non-convectiveprecipitation, specially noticeable over western USA.

WRF v.3.9 sensitivity to land surface model and horizontal resolution changes over North America