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. This article describes the implementation of a couplingbetween a global forecast model (CFSv2.0) and a wave model (WW3) andinvestigates the effects of ocean surface waves on the air–sea interface inthe new framework. Several major wave-related processes, including theLangmuir mixing, the Stokes–Coriolis force with entrainment, air–sea fluxesmodified by the Stokes drift, and momentum roughness length, are evaluated intwo groups of 56 d experiments, one for boreal winter and the other forboreal summer. Comparisons are made against in situ buoys, satellitemeasurements, and reanalysis data to evaluate the influence of waves onintraseasonal prediction of sea surface temperature (SST), 2 m airtemperature (T02), mixed layer depth (MLD), 10 m wind speed (WSP10), andsignificant wave height (SWH). The wave-coupled experiments show thatoverestimated SSTs and T02s, as well as underestimated MLDs at mid-to-highlatitudes in summer from original CFSv2.0, are significantly improved due toenhanced vertical mixing generated by the Stokes drift. For WSP10s and SWHs,the wave-related processes generally reduce biases in regions where WSP10sand SWHs are overestimated. On the one hand, the decreased SSTs stabilize themarine atmospheric boundary layer and weaken WSP10s and then SWHs. On the otherhand, the increased roughness length due to waves reduces the originallyoverestimated WSP10s and SWHs. In addition, the effects of the Stokes driftand current on air–sea fluxes also rectify WSP10s and SWHs. These cases arehelpful for the future development of the two-way CFSv2.0–wave coupledsystem.

The effects of ocean surface waves on global intraseasonal prediction: case studies with a coupled CFSv2.0–WW3 system