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. Regional land carbon budgets provide insights into the spatial distribution ofthe land uptake of atmospheric carbon dioxide and can be used to evaluatecarbon cycle models and to define baselines for land-based additionalmitigation efforts. The scientific community has been involved in providingobservation-based estimates of regional carbon budgets either by downscalingatmospheric CO2 observations into surface fluxes with atmosphericinversions, by using inventories of carbon stock changes in terrestrialecosystems, by upscaling local field observations such as flux towers withgridded climate and remote sensing fields, or by integrating data-driven orprocess-oriented terrestrial carbon cycle models. The first coordinatedattempt to collect regional carbon budgets for nine regions covering theentire globe in the RECCAP-1 project has delivered estimates for the decade2000–2009, but these budgets were not comparable between regions due todifferent definitions and component fluxes being reported or omitted. The recentrecognition of lateral fluxes of carbon by human activities and rivers thatconnect CO2 uptake in one area with its release in another also requiresbetter definitions and protocols to reach harmonized regional budgets thatcan be summed up to a globe scale and compared with the atmospheric CO2 growthrate and inversion results. In this study, using the international initiativeRECCAP-2 coordinated by the Global Carbon Project, which aims to be an updateto regional carbon budgets over the last 2 decades based on observationsfor 10 regions covering the globe with a better harmonization than theprecursor project, we provide recommendations for using atmosphericinversion results to match bottom-up carbon accounting and models, and wedefine the different component fluxes of the net land atmosphere carbonexchange that should be reported by each research group in charge of eachregion. Special attention is given to lateral fluxes, inland water fluxes,and land use fluxes.

geoscientific model development

Definitions and methods to estimate regional land carbon fluxes for the second phase of the REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Project (RECCAP-2)