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. We present a multi-year short-range hindcast experimentand its experimental design for better evaluation of both the mean state andvariability of atmospheric moist processes in climate models from diurnal tointerannual timescales and facilitate model development. We used theCommunity Earth System Model version 1 as the base model and performed asuite of 3 d hindcasts initialized every day starting at 00:00 Z from 1997 to2012. Three processes – the diurnal cycle of clouds during different cloudregimes over the central US, precipitation and diabatic heating associatedwith the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the response of precipitation,surface radiative and heat fluxes, as well as zonal wind stress to seasurface temperature anomalies associated with the El Niño–SouthernOscillation – are evaluated as examples to demonstrate how one can betterutilize simulations from this experiment to gain insights into model errorsand their connection to physical parameterizations or large-scale state.This is achieved by comparing the hindcasts with corresponding long-termobservations for periods based on different phenomena. These analyses canonly be done through this multi-year hindcast approach to establish robuststatistics of the processes under well-controlled large-scale environmentbecause these phenomena are either a result of interannual climate variability or onlyhappen a few times in a given year (e.g., MJO, or cloud regime types).Furthermore, comparison of hindcasts to the typical simulations in climatemode with the same model allows one to infer what portion of a model'sclimate error directly comes from fast errors in the parameterizations ofmoist processes. As demonstrated here, model biases in the mean state andvariability associated with parameterized moist processes usually developwithin a few days and manifest within weeks to affect the simulations oflarge-scale circulation and ultimately the climate mean state andvariability. Therefore, model developers can achieve additional usefulunderstanding of the underlying problems in model physics by conducting amulti-year hindcast experiment.

A multi-year short-range hindcast experiment with CESM1 for evaluating climate model moist processes from diurnal to interannual timescales