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. Recent advancements in computational efficiency and Earth system modeling have awarded hydrologists with increasingly high-resolution models ofterrestrial hydrology, which are paramount to understanding and predicting complex fluxes of moisture and energy. Continental-scale hydrologicsimulations are, in particular, of interest to the hydrologic community for numerous societal, scientific, and operational benefits. The coupledhydrology–land surface model ParFlow–CLM configured over the continental United States (PFCONUS) has been employed in previous literature to studyscale-dependent connections between water table depth, topography, recharge, and evapotranspiration, as well as to explore impacts of anthropogenicaquifer depletion to the water and energy balance. These studies have allowed for an unprecedented process-based understanding of the continentalwater cycle at high resolution. Here, we provide the most comprehensive evaluation of PFCONUS version 1.0 (PFCONUSv1) performance to date by comparingnumerous modeled water balance components with thousands of in situ observations and several remote sensing products and using a range ofstatistical performance metrics for evaluation. PFCONUSv1 comparisons with these datasets are a promising indicator of model fidelity and ability toreproduce the continental-scale water balance at high resolution. Areas for improvement are identified, such as a positive streamflow bias at gaugesin the eastern Great Plains, a shallow water table bias over many areas of the model domain, and low bias in seasonal total water storage amplitude,especially for the Ohio, Missouri, and Arkansas River basins. We discuss several potential sources for model bias and suggest that minimizing errorin topographic processing and meteorological forcing would considerably improve model performance. Results here provide a benchmark and guidance forfurther PFCONUS model development, and they highlight the importance of concurrently evaluating all hydrologic components and fluxes to provide amultivariate, holistic validation of the complete modeled water balance.

geoscientific model development

Assessment of the ParFlow–CLM CONUS 1.0 integrated hydrologic model: evaluation of hyper-resolution water balance components across the contiguous United States