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. Recent proceedings in radiation belt studies have proposed new requirements for numerical methods to solve the kinetic equations involved. Inthis article, we present a numerical solver that can solve the general form of the radiation belt Fokker–Planck equation and Boltzmann equation inarbitrarily provided coordinate systems and with user-specified boundary geometry, boundary conditions, and equation terms. The solver is basedupon the mathematical theory of stochastic differential equations, whose computational accuracy and efficiency are greatly enhanced by speciallydesigned adaptive algorithms and a variance reduction technique. The versatility and robustness of the solver are exhibited in four exampleproblems. The solver applies to a wide spectrum of radiation belt modeling problems, including the ones featuring non-diffusive particle transportsuch as that arising from nonlinear wave–particle interactions.

UBER v1.0: a universal kinetic equation solver for radiation belts