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. The incorporation of a comprehensive crop module in landsurface models offers the possibility to study the effect of agriculturalland use and land management changes on the terrestrial water, energy, andbiogeochemical cycles. It may help to improve the simulation ofbiogeophysical and biogeochemical processes on regional and global scales inthe framework of climate and land use change. In this study, the performanceof the crop module of the Community Land Model version 5 (CLM5) wasevaluated at point scale with site-specific field data focusing on thesimulation of seasonal and inter-annual variations in crop growth, plantingand harvesting cycles, and crop yields, as well as water, energy, and carbonfluxes. In order to better represent agricultural sites, the model wasmodified by (1) implementing the winter wheat subroutines following Lu et al. (2017) in CLM5; (2) implementing plant-specific parameters for sugar beet,potatoes, and winter wheat, thereby adding the two crop functional types(CFTs) for sugar beet and potatoes to the list of actively managed crops inCLM5; and (3) introducing a cover-cropping subroutine that allows multiple croptypes on the same column within 1 year. The latter modification allows thesimulation of cropping during winter months before usual cash crop plantingbegins in spring, which is an agricultural management technique with a longhistory that is regaining popularity as it reduces erosion and improves soilhealth and carbon storage and is commonly used in the regions evaluated inthis study. We compared simulation results with field data and found thatboth the new crop-specific parameterization and the winter wheatsubroutines led to a significant simulation improvement in terms of energyfluxes (root-mean-square error, RMSE, reduction for latent and sensible heat by up to 57 % and 59 %, respectively), leaf area index (LAI), net ecosystem exchange, and cropyield (up to 87 % improvement in winter wheat yield prediction) comparedwith default model results. The cover-cropping subroutine yielded asubstantial improvement in representation of field conditions after harvestof the main cash crop (winter season) in terms of LAI magnitudes,seasonal cycle of LAI, and latent heat flux (reduction of wintertime RMSEfor latent heat flux by 42 %). Our modifications significantly improvedmodel simulations and should therefore be applied in future studies withCLM5 to improve regional yield predictions and to better understandlarge-scale impacts of agricultural management on carbon, water, and energyfluxes.

Improving the representation of cropland sites in the Community Land Model (CLM) version 5.0