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. The nonlinear dependence of the dust saltation process on wind speed poses a challenge for models of varying resolutions. This challenge is ofparticular relevance for the next generation of chemical transport models with nimble capability for multiple resolutions. We develop and apply amethod to harmonize dust emissions across simulations of different resolutions by generating offline grid-independent dust emissions driven bynative high-resolution meteorological fields. We implement into the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model a high-resolution dust source function togenerate updated offline dust emissions. These updated offline dust emissions based on high-resolution meteorological fields strengthen dustemissions over relatively weak dust source regions, such as in southern South America, southern Africa and the southwestern UnitedStates. Identification of an appropriate dust emission strength is facilitated by the resolution independence of offline emissions. We find that theperformance of simulated aerosol optical depth (AOD) versus measurements from the AERONET network and satellite remote sensing improvessignificantly when using the updated offline dust emissions with the total global annual dust emission strength of 2000 Tg yr−1 ratherthan the standard online emissions in GEOS-Chem. The updated simulation also better represents in situ measurements from a global climatology. Theoffline high-resolution dust emissions are easily implemented in chemical transport models. The source code and global offline high-resolution dustemission inventory are publicly available.

Grid-independent high-resolution dust emissions (v1.0) for chemical transport models: application to GEOS-Chem (12.5.0)