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. The Arctic–boreal zone (ABZ) is experiencing amplified warming, activelychanging biogeochemical cycling of vegetation and soils. Theland-to-atmosphere fluxes of CO2 in the ABZ have the potential toincrease in magnitude and feedback to the climate causing additional large-scale warming. The ability to model and predict this vulnerability is criticalto preparation for a warming world, but Earth system models have biases thatmay hinder understanding of the rapidly changing ABZ carbon fluxes. Here weinvestigate circumpolar carbon cycling represented by the Community Land Model5 (CLM5.0) with a focus on seasonal gross primary productivity (GPP) in plantfunctional types (PFTs). We benchmark model results using data from satelliteremote sensing products and eddy covariance towers. We find consistent biasesin CLM5.0 relative to observational constraints: (1) the onset of deciduousplant productivity to be late; (2) the offset of productivity to lag andremain abnormally high for all PFTs in fall; (3) a high bias of grass, shrub,and needleleaf evergreen tree productivity; and (4) an underestimation ofproductivity of deciduous trees. Based on these biases, we focus on modeldevelopment of alternate phenology, photosynthesis schemes, and carbonallocation parameters at eddy covariance tower sites. Although ourimprovements are focused on productivity, our final model recommendationresults in other component CO2 fluxes, e.g., net ecosystem exchange(NEE) and terrestrial ecosystem respiration (TER), that are more consistentwith observations. Results suggest that algorithms developed for lowerlatitudes and more temperate environments can be inaccurate when extrapolatedto the ABZ, and that many land surface models may not accurately representcarbon cycling and its recent rapid changes in high-latitude ecosystems,especially when analyzed by individual PFTs.

Addressing biases in Arctic–boreal carbon cycling in the Community Land Model Version 5