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. A synthetic inflow turbulence generator was implementedin the idealised Weather Research and Forecasting large eddy simulation(WRF-LES v3.6.1) model under neutral atmospheric conditions. This method isbased on an exponential correlation function and generates a series oftwo-dimensional slices of data which are correlated both in space and intime. These data satisfy a spectrum with a near “-5/3” inertial subrange,suggesting its excellent capability for high Reynolds number atmosphericflows. It is more computationally efficient than other synthetic turbulencegeneration approaches, such as three-dimensional digital filter methods. AWRF-LES simulation with periodic boundary conditions was conducted toprovide prior mean profiles of first and second moments of turbulence for thesynthetic turbulence generation method, and the results of the periodic casewere also used to evaluate the inflow case. The inflow case generatedsimilar turbulence structures to those of the periodic case after a shortadjustment distance. The inflow case yielded a mean velocity profile andsecond-moment profiles that agreed well with those generated using periodicboundary conditions, after a short adjustment distance. For the range of theintegral length scales of the inflow turbulence (±40 %), its effect onthe mean velocity profiles is negligible, whereas its influence on thesecond-moment profiles is more visible, in particular for the smallestintegral length scales, e.g. those with the friction velocity of less than 4 %error of the reference data at x/H=7. This implementation enables a WRF-LESsimulation of a horizontally inhomogeneous case with non-repeated surfaceland-use patterns and can be extended so as to conduct a multi-scale seamlessnesting simulation from a meso-scale domain with a kilometre-scale resolution down to LESdomains with metre-scale resolutions.

Implementation of a synthetic inflow turbulence generator in idealised WRF v3.6.1 large eddy simulations under neutral atmospheric conditions