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. A carbonate chemistry balance module was implemented into a biogeochemical model of the planktonic food web. The model, named Eco3M-CarbOx, includes22 state variables that are dispatched into 5 compartments: phytoplankton, heterotrophic bacteria, detrital particulate organic matter, labiledissolved organic, and inorganic matter. This model is applied to and evaluated in the Bay of Marseille (BoM, France), which is a coastal zone impactedby the urbanized and industrialized Aix–Marseille Metropolis, and subject to significant increases in anthropogenic emissions of CO2. The model was evaluated over the year 2017, for which in situ data of the carbonate system are available in the study site. The biogeochemical statevariables of the model only change with time, to represent the time evolution of a sea surface water cell in response to the implemented realisticforcing conditions. The model correctly simulates the value ranges and seasonal dynamics of most of the variables of the carbonate system except for thetotal alkalinity. Several numerical experiments were conducted to test the response of carbonate system to (i) a seawater temperature increase,(ii) wind events, (iii) Rhône River plume intrusions, and (iv) different levels of atmospheric CO2 contents. This set of numerical experimentsshows that the Eco3M-CarbOx model provides expected responses in the alteration of the marine carbonate balance regarding each of the consideredperturbation. When the seawater temperature changes quickly, the behavior of the BoM waters alters within a few days from a source of CO2to the atmosphere to a sink into the ocean. Moreover, the higher the wind speed is, the higher the air–sea CO2 gas exchange fluxesare. The river intrusions with nitrate supplies lead to a decrease in the pCO2 value, favoring the conditions of a sink for atmosphericCO2 into the BoM. A scenario of high atmospheric concentrations of CO2 also favors the conditions of a sink for atmosphericCO2 into the waters of the BoM. Thus the model results suggest that external forcings have an important impact on the carbonateequilibrium in this coastal area.

geoscientific model development

Implementation and assessment of a carbonate system model (Eco3M-CarbOx v1.1) in a highly dynamic Mediterranean coastal site (Bay of Marseille, France)