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. The availability of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) constrains theability of ecosystems to use resources such as light, water and carbon. Inturn, nutrients impact the distribution of productivity, ecosystem carbonturnovers and their net exchange of CO 2 with the atmosphere in responseto variation of environmental conditions in both space and time. In thisstudy, we evaluated the performance of the global version of the landsurface model ORCHIDEE-CNP (v1.2), which explicitly simulates N and Pbiogeochemistry in terrestrial ecosystems coupled with carbon, water andenergy transfers. We used data from remote sensing, ground-based measurementnetworks and ecological databases. Components of the N and P cycle atdifferent levels of aggregation (from local to global) are in good agreementwith data-driven estimates. When integrated for the period 1850 to 2017forced with variable climate, rising CO 2 and land use change, we showthat ORCHIDEE-CNP underestimates the land carbon sink in the NorthernHemisphere (NH) during recent decades despite an a priori realistic gross primary productivity (GPP)response to rising CO 2 . This result suggests either thatprocesses other than CO 2 fertilization, which are omitted in ORCHIDEE-CNPsuch as changes in biomass turnover, are predominant drivers of the northernland sink and/or that the model parameterizations produceemerging nutrient limitations on biomass growth that are too strict in northern areas. In linewith the latter, we identified biases in the simulated large-scale patternsof leaf and soil stoichiometry as well as plant P use efficiency, pointing towardsP limitations that are too severe towards the poles. Based on our analysis ofecosystem resource use efficiencies and nutrient cycling, we propose ways toaddress the model biases by giving priority to better representing processesof soil organic P mineralization and soil inorganic P transformation,followed by refining the biomass production efficiency under increasingatmospheric CO 2 , phenology dynamics and canopy light absorption.

Global evaluation of the nutrient-enabled version of the land surface model ORCHIDEE-CNP v1.2 (r5986)