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. Mass movements such as debris flows and landslides differ in behaviour due totheir material properties and internal forces. Models employ generalizedmulti-phase flow equations to adaptively describe these complex flow types.Such models commonly assume unstructured and fragmented flow, where internalcohesive strength is insignificant. In this work, existing work on two-phasemass movement equations are extended to include a full stress–strainrelationship that allows for runout of (semi-)structured fluid–solidmasses. The work provides both the three-dimensional equations anddepth-averaged simplifications. The equations are implemented in a hybridmaterial point method (MPM), which allows for efficient simulation ofstress–strain relationships on discrete smooth particles. Using thisframework, the developed model is compared to several flume experiments ofclay blocks impacting fixed obstacles. Here, both final deposit patterns andfractures compare well to simulations. Additionally, numerical tests areperformed to showcase the range of dynamical behaviour produced by the model.Important processes such as fracturing, fragmentation and fluid release arecaptured by the model. While this provides an important step towardscomplete mass movement models, several new opportunities arise, such asapplication to fragmenting mass movements and block slides.

Towards a model for structured mass movements: the OpenLISEM hazard model 2.0a