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. Given the multiple abiotic and biotic stressors resulting from globalchanges, management systems and practices must be adapted in order tomaintain and reinforce the resilience of forests. Among others, thetransformation of monocultures into uneven-aged and mixed stands is anavenue to improve forest resilience. To explore the forest response to these new silvicultural practices under a changing environment, one needs models combining a process-based approach with a detailed spatial representation, which is quite rare. We therefore decided to develop our own model (HETEROFOR for HETEROgeneousFORest) according to a spatially explicit approach, describing individualtree growth based on resource sharing (light, water and nutrients).HETEROFOR was progressively elaborated within Capsis (Computer-AidedProjection for Strategies in Silviculture), a collaborative modellingplatform devoted to tree growth and stand dynamics. This paper describes the carbon-related processes of HETEROFOR(photosynthesis, respiration, carbon allocation and tree dimensional growth) and evaluates the model performances for three broadleaved stands with different species compositions (Wallonia, Belgium). This first evaluationshowed that HETEROFOR predicts well individual radial growth (Pearson'scorrelation of 0.83 and 0.63 for the European beech and sessile oak,respectively) and is able to reproduce size–growth relationships. We alsonoticed that the net to gross primary production (npp to gpp) ratio option for describing maintenancerespiration provides better results than the temperature-dependent routine,while the process-based (Farquhar model) and empirical (radiation useefficiency) approaches perform similarly for photosynthesis. To illustratehow the model can be used to predict climate change impacts on forestecosystems, we simulated the growth dynamics of the mixed stand driven bythree IPCC climate scenarios. According to these simulations, the tree growth trends will be governed by the CO2 fertilization effect, with the increase in vegetation period length and the increase in water stress also playing a role but offsetting each other.

geoscientific model development

HETEROFOR 1.0: a spatially explicit model for exploring the response of structurally complex forests to uncertain future conditions – Part 1: Carbon fluxes and tree dimensional growth