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. Plant–soil interactions, such as the coupling of plants' below-ground biomass allocation with soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition, nutrient release and plant uptake, are essential to understand the response of carbon (C) cycling to global changes. However, these processes are poorly represented in the current terrestrial biosphere models owing to the simple first-order approach of SOM cycling and the ignorance of variations within a soil profile. While the emerging microbially explicit soil organic C models can better describe C formation and turnover, at present, they lack a full coupling to the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles with the soil profile. Here we present a new SOM model – the Jena Soil Model (JSM) – which is microbially explicit, vertically resolved and integrated with the N and P cycles. To account for the effects of nutrient availability and litter quality on decomposition, JSM includes the representation of enzyme allocation to different depolymerisation sources based on the microbial adaptation approach as well as of nutrient acquisition competition based on the equilibrium chemistry approximation approach. Herein, we present the model structure and basic features of model performance in a beech forest in Germany. The model reproduced the main SOM stocks and microbial biomass as well as their vertical patterns in the soil profile. We further tested the sensitivity of the model to parameterisation and showed that JSM is generally sensitive to changes in microbial stoichiometry and processes.

Jena Soil Model (JSM v1.0; revision 1934): a microbial soil organic carbon model integrated with nitrogen and phosphorus processes