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. The use of a boundary-layer parameterization ofbuttressing and ice flux across grounding lines in a two-dimensionalice-sheet model is improved by allowing general orientations of thegrounding line. This and another modification to the model's grounding-lineparameterization are assessed in three settings: rectangular fjord-likedomains – the third Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project (MISMIP+) and Marine Ice Sheet Model Intercomparison Project for plan view models (MISMIP3d) – and future simulations of West Antarcticice retreat under Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP)8.5-based climates. The new modifications are found tohave significant effects on the fjord-like results, which are now within theenvelopes of other models in the MISMIP+ and MISMIP3d intercomparisons. Incontrast, the modifications have little effect on West Antarctic retreat,presumably because dynamics in the wider major Antarctic basins areadequately represented by the model's previous simpler one-dimensionalformulation. As future grounding lines retreat across very deep bedrocktopography in the West Antarctic simulations, buttressing is weak anddeviatoric stress measures exceed the ice yield stress, implying thatstructural failure at these grounding lines would occur. We suggest thatthese grounding-line quantities should be examined in similar projections byother ice models to better assess the potential for future structuralfailure.

Improvements in one-dimensional grounding-line parameterizations in an ice-sheet model with lateral variations (PSUICE3D v2.1)