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. The Taiwan Earth System Model (TaiESM) version 1 is developed based onCommunity Earth System Model version 1.2.2 of National Center forAtmospheric Research. Several innovative physical and chemicalparameterizations, including trigger functions for deep convection, cloudmacrophysics, aerosol, and three-dimensional radiation–topographyinteraction, as well as a one-dimensional mixed-layer model optional for theatmosphere component, are incorporated. The precipitation variability, suchas diurnal cycle and propagation of convection systems, is improved inTaiESM. TaiESM demonstrates good model stability in the 500-yearpreindustrial simulation in terms of the net flux at the top of the model,surface temperatures, and sea ice concentration. In the historicalsimulation, although the warming before 1935 is weak, TaiESM capturesthe increasing trend of temperature after 1950 well. The current climatology ofTaiESM during 1979–2005 is evaluated by observational and reanalysisdatasets. Cloud amounts are too large in TaiESM, but their cloud forcing isonly slightly weaker than observational data. The mean bias of the seasurface temperature is almost 0, whereas the surface air temperaturesover land and sea ice regions exhibit cold biases. The overall performanceof TaiESM is above average among models in Coupled Model IntercomparisonProject phase 5, particularly in that the bias of precipitation is smallest.However, several common discrepancies shared by most models still exist,such as the double Intertropical Convergence Zone bias in precipitation andwarm bias over the Southern Ocean.

Taiwan Earth System Model Version 1: description and evaluation of mean state