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. This paper describes the implementation of a coupling between a three-dimensional oceangeneral circulation model (NEMO) and a wave model (WW3) to representthe interactions of upper-oceanic flow dynamics with surface waves. The focus is on the impactof such coupling on upper-ocean properties (temperature and currents) and mixed layer depth (MLD)at global eddying scales. A generic coupling interface has been developed, and the NEMOgoverning equations and boundary conditions have been adapted to include wave-induced terms followingthe approach of McWilliams et al. (2004) and Ardhuin et al. (2008). In particular, the contributions of Stokes–Coriolis,vortex, and surface pressure forces have been implemented on top of the necessary modifications of thetracer–continuity equation and turbulent closure scheme (a one-equation turbulent kinetic energy – TKE – closure here). To assess the newdevelopments, we perform a set of sensitivity experiments with a global oceanic configuration at 1/4∘resolution coupled with a wave model configured at 1/2∘ resolution. Numerical simulations show a globalincrease in wind stress due to the interaction with waves (via the Charnock coefficient), particularly at highlatitudes, resulting in increased surface currents. The modifications brought to the TKE closure scheme andthe inclusion of a parameterization for Langmuir turbulence lead to a significant increase in the mixing, thushelping to deepen the MLD. This deepening is mainly located in the Southern Hemisphere and results inreduced sea surface currents and temperatures.

Development of a two-way-coupled ocean–wave model: assessment on a global NEMO(v3.6)–WW3(v6.02) coupled configuration