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. Wet processes, including aqueous-phase chemistry, wet scavenging, and wetsurface uptake during dry deposition, are important for global modeling ofaerosols and aerosol precursors. In this study, we improve the treatments ofthese wet processes in the Goddard Earth Observing System with chemistry (GEOS-Chem) v12.6.0, including pH calculations forcloud, rain, and wet surfaces, the fraction of cloud available for aqueous-phasechemistry, rainout efficiencies for various types of clouds, empiricalwashout by rain and snow, and wet surface uptake during dry deposition. Wecompare simulated surface mass concentrations of aerosols and aerosolprecursors with surface monitoring networks over the United States, European,Asian, and Arctic regions, and show that model results with updated wetprocesses agree better with measurements for most species. With theimplementation of these updates, normalized mean biases (NMBs) of surfacenitric acid, nitrate, and ammonium are reduced from 78 %, 126 %, and45 % to 0.9 %, 15 %, and 4.1 % over the US sites, from 107 %,127 %, and 90 % to −0.7  %, 4.2 %, and 16 % over European sites, andfrom 121 %, 269 %, and 167 % to −21  %, 37 %, and 86 % over Asianremote region sites. Comparison with surface measured SO2 , sulfate, andblack carbon at four Arctic sites indicated that those species simulatedwith the updated wet processes match well with observations except for alarge underestimate of black carbon at one of the sites. We also compare ourmodel simulation with aircraft measurement of nitric acid and aerosolsduring the Atmospheric Tomography Mission (ATom)-1 and ATom-2periods and found a significant improvement ofmodeling skill of nitric acid, sulfate, and ammonium in the NorthernHemisphere during wintertime. The NMBs of these species are reduced from163 %, 78 %, and 217 % to −13  %, −1  %, and 10 %, respectively.The investigation of impacts of updated wet process treatments on surfacemass concentrations indicated that the updated wet processes have strongimpacts on the global means of nitric acid, sulfate, nitrate, and ammoniumand relative small impacts on the global means of sulfur dioxide, dust, seasalt, black carbon, and organic carbon.

Further improvement of wet process treatments in GEOS-Chem v12.6.0: impact on global distributions of aerosols and aerosol precursors